Here is a list with common keyboard shortcuts you can use with VLC (VideoLAN). Check this post if you want to learn how you can change these hotkeys or define global ones.

VLC shortcuts using just a single key:

ESC : leave fullscreen/close dialogue
space : play/pause
Enter : select menu entry (dvd)
Arrows : navigate menus (dvd)
A : cycle aspect ratio
B : cycle audio track
C : cycle cropping ratio
D : cycle deinterlace filters
E : next frame (1.0 and over)
F : toggle fullscreen
G : subdelay down
H : subdelay up
I : interface show
J : audiodelay down
K : audiodelay up OR next subtitle-track
L : loop
M : mute
N : next track
O : original video size ( adding the black borders to the video )
P : previous track
R : random
S : stop
T : position/time
V : subtitle track cycle
W : wallpaper (does only work with video output DirectX)
Z : cycle zoom
+ : faster
– : slower

* Don’t miss VLC Untied, a free program that lets you select one or more files or folders in Windows Explorer and load them to VLC media player instantly using a keyboard shortcut, even removing completely any files that may be already loaded and playing.

Moving back and forward:

Control + Left Arrow : jump 1 minute back
Control + Right Arrow : jump 1 minute forward

Control + Alt + Left Arrow : jump 5 minutes back
Control + Alt + Right Arrow : jump 5 minutes forward

Control + T : Goto Time

Alt + Left Arrow : jump 10 sec. back
Alt + Right Arrow : jump 10 sec. forward

Shift + Left Arrow : jump 5 seconds back
Shift + Right Arrow : jump 5 seconds forward

Shift + B : title next
Shift + G : history back
Shift + H : history forward
Shift + N : chapter next
Shift + O : title prev
Shift + P : chapter prev
Shift + M : disc menu